Indicating instrument for navigation



Nov. 29; 1938. T. E. HALPIN INDIATING INSTRUMENT FOR NAVIGATION Filed Jan. l28, 1 935 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 40 K0 y! f2 if :JMW c/azzms ff/again 2:4- ya -I-z 392221222272525 3 'Sheets-Sheet 2 Nov. 29, 1938. T. E. HALPIN Y INDICATING INSTRUMENT FOR NAVIGATION v Filed Jjan. 28, 1955 l 3mm c/zazzzas 6.' /fa//oz'zz www Nov. 29, 1938. 1'. E. HALPIN INDICATING INSTRUMENT FOR NAVIGATION Filed Jam.v 28, 1935 :5 sheets-sheet 3v M169 167 60 62.50 57 ,if

Jamaf fh/akin l retenu-i Nov. 29, 1938 viren STATES ori-lee Thomas E. Halpin, t

Application January Z8, 1935, Serial No. 3,887 s claims. (ci. 11e-133) aid pilots in the maneuvers. It is in the province of blind or instrument flying, that these needs have been least fulfilled.

'I'he Aeronautics Branch of the United States Department of Commerce inaugurated, a few years ago, a system o f radio range rbeacons for assisting pilots in following their courses. The operation of this system and the Iranner in which it is utilized, is ably described in General Airway Information, Airway Bulletin No. 1 of September 1, 1932; and Air Commerce Bulletin, vol. 4, No. '6, of September 15, 1932; both published by the Aeronautics Branch of the U. S. Department of Commerce.

These publications outline the details of the beacon system, giving the beacon locations, range bearings, wave lengths of the transmitters at the respective stations, station identification signals, time schedule for\broadcasts, etc. In addition, several systems by which the pilot may solve his problem of position are outlined, to any of which,

the present invention is readily applied.

Instrument ying becomes a necessity under the adverse weather conditions encountered dur- 4.

ing fog and storm, at which times, the routine operations of :dying in favorable weather, become complicated and hazardous, demanding the full attention ofeven the ablest pilot. Such conditions coupled with the responsibility of commercial pilots of delivering the passengers or cargo safely to their destination, calls for equipment which will relieve the pilot ofall possible mental labor and danger of error involved in solving mathematical problems of navigation. Then too, there are many pilots whose scholastic training has not prepared them' for the ,trigonometric computations necessary for carrying out the procedures set forth in the publications referred to above.' Moreover, the solving of these problems often requires the utmost speed, a factor which becomes increasingly important as higher flying speeds are developed. v

In the interests of aviation and for lightening the burdens imposed upon his fellow pilots, applicant has conceived and produced an apparatus, the operation of which: simplifies certain phases` of the problems encountered in blind flyingpreduces the possibility of errors to a minimum; and increases the speed of solving such problems.

Generally, the present construction comprises a map displaying a sequence of geographical points, with the various aids to navigation depicted thereon. The map is supported by a casing, and what may be called an adjustable coordinator, is supported in a position for ready cooperation with the map.

The preferred embodiment comprises atrip map bearing the desired indicia, mounted in a casing wherein it may be shifted by suitable means to expose any of the stations depicted thereupon. with the map and casing, there is preferably atable having a reference point inscribed thereon, with a, protractor-like plate, graduated in degrees over its full circumference. The plate is adjustably carried by the table, in order that a graduation of the former may be set to correspond with the reference pointof the latter. A plurality of indicators are adjustably mounted with respect to the plate, for correspondence with any of the plate graduations, the number of such indicators being preferably such as will correspond with the number of beams emitted from a beaconas shown on the map. These indicators are provided with distinguishing identification and each has its edges contrastingly marked, the indicators being arranged in such order that like edges of 'sequential indicators are adjacently disposed. Adjustable means is also contemplated, for indicating the positions of landing ilelds relative to the radio range beacons, in which case provision may be made for representing the portable trans- Supported in cooperative Arelation mitting stations described in the U. S. Department of Commeree Air Commerce Bulletin.` November 15, 1934, page 108. l

It is an object of the present inventiontherefore, sto provide a device having the general aforementioned characteristics, which'is inexpensive to manufacture, simple to operate, positive strip map and its housing combined with a coordinator; 1 Fig. 2 is a section taken along line 2-2 of Fig. Fig. 3 is a. fragmentary plan of portions of a proposed strip; l

Fig. 4 is a section of the map showing the accompanying data;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged sectional view'of a portion of the coordinator;

Fig. 6 is a plan view of a modified form of coordinator; and j Y Fig. 7 is an elevation partly in section along the line 1-1 of Fig. 6.

A housing 20 containing suitable reeling mechanism, supports a printed, strip 2| bearing a map together with other desired information. The housing may assume the form of two sections, a supporting section and a supported section, assembled in the form of a box. 'Ihe supported section 22 may itself be essentially a box having an open base. Journalled in the side walls of the supporting section 4| are the shafts 23, 24 and 25 of the reeling mechanism.

One of the shafts 23 supports a reel 26 having flanges 21 at either end. A pinion 28 may be fastened to the shaft 23 directly or through an overrunning clutch 29. The other real shaft 25 is similarly arranged withvrespect to its reel 30, flanges 3|, pinion 32 and clutch 33. In constant mesh with the pinions 28 and 32, there is a drive gear 34 mounted' upon the third shaft 24. A portion of this drive gear may project through a slot 35 formed in the supported section so as to be operable from the outside by the hand of the user.

The strip map has its ends suitably attached to the reels, and passes over a table 31 supported by the side walls of the supporting section 4|, so as to present a at aspect over a desired length. A window, 38 is provided in the supported section, which window may be glazed or provided with transparent protecting material of any kind. The marginal portions of the supported section may be provided with channelling 39, 40, intov which memorandum pads, cards or other writing surfaces may be inserted for bearing supplementary data. Similarly, channelling 42, 43, may be provided on the side walls for the reception of maps and other data. Y

The supporting section 4| of the housing cornprises a base plate having normal thereto, the

in a table 49 which assumes a position such as to inl a member xed to the floor, dashboard, etc.-

'I'he elements 45 and 46 aredepicted as ball and socket elements respectively whereby universal vmovement of parts is obtainable; The socket is depicted as split and adjustable upon the ballby a nut 'and bolt. Other joints productive of similar effects may be substituted for the type illustrated.

Projecting from the socket element, there is an angular supporting member 48, terminating be viewed simultaneously with the rnap.V At this point it will be noted that the map housing and table 49 are shown as relatively adjustable, be-

ing so spaced that one may completely revolve about its axis without being obstructed by the other.

Threadedly received by the table 49, there is a pin 50 which serves as a pivot for a plate 5| and a plurality of indicators 52, 53, 54,55. The pinis provided with a shoulder 56 for limiting its entry into the table. yA sleeve 51 is journalled upon the pin, a flange 58 of thesleeve bearing upon the table. Between the upper end of the sleeve and the head 59 of the pin, a pair of frustro-conical resilient washers 60 are interposed for the purpose of providing a braking effect upon rotation of the sleeve. As the pin yis threaded into the table, these washers will be pressed together and flattened, increasing the required torque for turning the sleeve. In the form shown, the indicators are provided with arms 6| which are journalled on the sleeve, and the plate 5| is likewise journalled thereupon. Frustroconical resilient washers 62 arealso provided between the arms 6| and the ange 58 of the sleeve and directly above the plate 5| for ad- `justing the resistance to turning of the plate and indicators by loosening and tightening of a nut 63 threadedly received upon the upper end of the sleeve. It will be obvious that loosening of the nut 63 will permit ready relative adjustment of the indicators and plate, while tightening the nut will prevent such relative movement.

For practical operation, both the pin and nut vwill be adjusted to a point such that the plate and indicators may be adjusted without causing movement of the sleeve, whereupon the system as a whole may be oriented without disturbtarily shown in Fig. 3. Specimens have been` taken from the various sections ofthe strip to show: the Morse code; an alphabetical list of radio range beacons, their frequencies, identification signals and corresponding dialsettings for their reception as well as route identification; a list of Class A marker beacons; a list of Class B beacons; broadcasting stations in 'accordance with their identification signals; a list of stations having multiple identification signals; a list of stations having equipment for voice communication; broadcastschedule for winds aloft; schedule of weather forecasts; route identification; and finally the map itself.

A typical section of the strip map is depictedl in Fig. 4, where it will be noted that for facility in reading the accompanying printing, the latter is arranged in lines parallel to the length of the strip. Consequently, thehousing may be turned so that either reelv is remote from the' observer without necessitating an adjustment or requiring undue difficulty for readinglthe data.

The'map section shows a route comprising Los Angeles, Fontana, Daggett and Kingman. The beacons 'are depicted" as alternate shaded and unshaded sectors representing the A ,and N quadrants, so-called, respectively. 'Ihis identification is based upon the hypothesis that a line through a beacon. directed .towards true north, will always intercept an N quadrant; in the event that such aline coincides with a leg of the beacon, then the N quadrant is tol the left or north-west.

The angular bearings towards and away from the beacons, for all four leg's thereof are clearly marked. 'I'he legs are also identiiled by numerals from I to 4 to correspond with the similarly numbered indicators 52,53, 54 and 55 respectively. It will also be noted that opposite edges of the indicators are shaded and unshaded respectively to designate alternate sectors like those of the beacons. Indicator ,52, also denoted by the numeral I to correspond with the map indicia, will according to the above hypothesis, always be the rst one in a clockwise direction from a diameter passing through the zero mark on the plate, or will coincide with such diameter. 'I'he remaining indicators will lie in the order of their numerals in a clockwise direction.

For each beacon on the map, there are accompanying directions, typied by that for Daggett and shown in Figs. l and 4. These directions for Daggett are as follows, based upon one of the` signal or Morse code dot dash, he should steer a. course of This course is maintained until a beacon leg is intercepted, readily recognized'by its characteristic T or Morse codedash, whereupon the pilot makes a 90 turn to the right. If the new signal isan A, the leg intercepted was that numbered I, symbolized new signal is an N, then he would steer 305 until a beacon leg is intercepted, then make a 90 turn to the right and listen for the new signal. An N would indicate that leg 4 had been intercepted, while an A would indicate leg 3; this information is disclosed by the symbols N-N-4 and N-A--3, respectively. .-L-l The course to be steered upon hearing a.

initial signal is computed as the bisector or approximate bisector of a: pair of adjacent legs of the particular beacon. The. bearing of legvl of Daggett is 267 and of leg 2 is 345.' The bisector is then roughly 305 which course is steered upon reception of the N signal. course to be assumed upon the-reception of the A signal is along a line disposed at right angles to the computed bisector,l or in the case of Daggett, 35. While the true bisector for-Daggtt is 306, numbers divisible by ve have been used in the interests of simplicity. l

Now assuming that a pilot Ailying from Los Angeles on the airway shown in Fig. 4, towards Kingman, hears the Daggett identification signal dash-dot-dash. Desiring to orient himself and learn his position, the pilot will adjust the zero of4 plate 5| `to coincide with the benchmark or direction of flight arrow of the table 49. Then he will set the indicators 52, 53,54 and to their angular positions on the plate to correspond with the .bearings disclosed for the Daggett beacon The-f identiiication, the pilot determines his relative position.

Assuming the pilot has heard the N signal he is not on-course. He will refer to the directions on the map, and steer a. course of 305 until the on-course signal is heard. Then after a 90 turn to the right, assuming he again hears the N signal, he will know that he has just contacted leg 4. He can then return to leg 4, turning the plate and indicators as a unit until indicator 55 is towards him, maintaining an oncourse direction until the dead-spot over the beacon is reached, whereupon, a turn to the left along a course of 87 puts the plane on leg I towards Kingman. The plate and indicators will now be returned to their position as shown in Fig. 1. It will follow that the indicators will be shifted to correspond with the Kingman beacon leg bearings when the pilot approaches the latter beacon. Accordingly, the coordinator will be reset to correspondwith the sequential beacons along the route, as their signals become sufficiently strong to be used as the new basis for direction.

A modification of the coordinator is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The plate 5| is adjustably supported upon the threaded sleeve 51, which, as in the former case, rests upon the table 49 and is journalled upon the pin 50 which is threaded into the table 49. In this case, the pin 50 is shown as having a polygonal head |59 integral therewith, above which is provided a shoulder |60 and a reduced end |6| terminating in threads |62. An adjustment nut 63 is provided as in the rst case.

Rotatably received upon the shoulder |60 and the-reduced end |6| of the pin 50, there is a knob |63 of substantially frustro-conical shape, having a hollow portion |50 for housing the adjusting elements. The outer surface of the knob is knurled as at |64 in order that it may be readily A gripped. The upper surface of the knob is shown vas counterbored for the reception of a spring |65,

the opposite end of which is received in a. counterbore formed in a cap member |66 which is screwed upon the threads |62. This spring tends to prevent 'unintended movement of the knob. Both the knob and cap member may be formed of condensation resins or other suitable material.

The knob |63 may be provided with a projecting nger or pointer |61, shown as integral therewith, upon which an arm |68 is pivoted at |69 for full rotation if desired. An indication |10 vcarried by the nger or the head of the pivot,

is intended to represent a landing eld, the position of which may be set with respect to the radio range beacons so as to conform with its actual K j inner set being erect at the bottom ofthe plate.

The angular bearing into a radio range beacon is read at the bottom of the plate or on the inner circle, while the angular bearing out from a radio range beacon is read at the top of the plate or on the outer circle.

' The indicators |52, |53, |54 and |55 are formed from at sheet material and are adjustable about the periphery of the graduated plate 5I. indicators may be pivoted below the plate 5| as These i described with reference to Figs. 2 and 5, above the plate, or they may be adjustably mounted with respect to the plate in any other manner, for example, by a suitable spring clip. The indicia borne, by these indicators is comparable with that shown in Fig. 1, but the indicators in this case extend towards the center of the plate in a convergent manner, and cut-out portions |56 are provided so that the indicators may be accurately set with respect to the graduations carried by the plate. It will be noted that opposite edges of each indicator are contrastingly marked, and that similarly marked edges of contiguous indicators are in adjacency. The divergence ofy these indicators, regarded from the center of the plate, is highly suggestive of the beam divergence of the radio range beacons as shown by the map, thus further aiding the pilot or navigator in his manipulations.

The operation of the modified indicators is similar to the method already described. In utilizing the landing eld pointer and its pivoted arm, the knob |63 'will be turned until the indication |10 denotes the position of the landing i'leld relative t`o the beacon. Then after a determination of the direction of a line through the portable transmitters represented by the indications |1| and |12, the arm |68 is set to the corresponding angle and the landing conditions to be observed will be graphically portrayed before the pilot, and he will not be required to depend upon his memory or sense of direction to a great extent.

The apparatus. described in the foregoingv is intended to be illustrative, but not necessarily restrictive, as it is Well within the scope of the present invention to modify the construction in various ways to produce the same results. vThe protection sought is expressed in the following claims.

' I claim:

1. An indicating instrumenty for navigation Y comprising a support, a pivot secured to said sup- "port, a member pivotally mounted upon said pivot and having an angularly calibrated sur-4 face so positioned with respect to said support that said surface is substantially exposed, the pivotal mounting of said member permitting adjust-l ment thereof with respect to said support to correspond with given bearings, a plurality of indicating elements cooperating with said member and its calibrations and adjustable'with respect to-said member and said support in a plane substantially parallel with said member, each 'of said indicating elements having dissimilar indicia presented by its .opposite edges, said elements being arranged to have like edges in adjacency. v

2. An indicating instrument for navigation comprising a support, a pivot secured to said support, a member rotatably mounted upon saidy pivot and having an angularly calibrated surface so positioned with respect to said-support that said surface is substantially exposed, the rotatable. mounting of said member permitting adjustmentthereof with respect to said support to correspond with given bearings, a plurality^of indicating elements mounted with respect to said member and said support, and means for c lamping'said member and said elements in adjusted position relativeto their support.

3. An indicating instrument for navigation comprising a support, a member bearing a plurality of angularly disposed simultaneously exposed radial graduations rotatably mounted upon independently adjustablysaid support, 'said support carrying a bench mark indication for registry with graduations on said said member. l0

4. An indicating instrument for navigation comprising a support, a member bearing radial graduations rotatably mounted upon said support, the rotatable mounting of said \member permitting adjustment thereof with respect to 15 said support to correspond with given bearings, a plurality of indicators pivotally adjustable with respect to said member and said support for registration with selected graduations on said member, the graduations on said member being larranged in a simultaneously exposed pluralseries, the bases of one series being directed towards the centerof rotation of said'member, the bases of another series being directed away from the center of rotationof said member.

5. An indicating instrument for navigation comprising a support, an angularly calibrated member bearing a plurality of angularly disposed simultaneously exposed radial graduations pivotally mounted upon said support, the pivotal mounting of said member permitting adjustment thereof with respect to said support to correspond with given bearings, a plurality of indicating. elements having portions overlying said member and adjustable with respect thereto and said 35.

support, said elements having cut-out portions for observation of said calibrations, and said elements bearing dissimilar indicia on their opposite edges. 5

6. An indicating instrument for navigation for cooperation with radio range beacons comprising a radially graduated platelhaving a plurality of i indicators adjustable with respect thereto to represent the beams of a radio range beacon, an

element adjustable with respect to said. plate 45.

and said indicators for depicting the relative position of a landing field, and an arm pivotally carried by said element for representing landing direction. y 1

7. An 'indicating instrument for cooperation with radio range beacons comprising a supportplurality of angularly disposed simultaneously .exposed radial calibrations rotatably mounted a rotatable plate bearing simultaneously exposed 65 angular calibrations and adjustable with respect to said support, the adjustability permitting movement of said plate to correspond with given bearings, a plurality of"A separately adjustable indicator elements movably mounted with respect to said plate andsaid support for reproducing angular bearings corresponding to those pf` a radio range beacon and means for clamping" said elements'to adjusted positions.

ing element carrying a plate member bearing a 

